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The relevance of this study lies in the fact that positive law is designed to maintain a reasona-ble balance, that is, a reasonable balance between the will of the state and the will of the citi-zens who constitute the population of the respective state, and such a balance can be achieved only in the context of the sociocultural dimension of positive law. Such a balance can be achieved only in the context of the sociocultural dimension of positive law. Social security plays an important role in this process. The purpose of the article is to investigate the constitu-tional practice of normative regulation of the right to social security in Ukraine and the states of continental Europe. The authors have considered the legal content of the right enshrined in Article 46 of the Constitution of Ukraine, and analyze similar norms of the constitutions of European countries. It was concluded that the right to social security is closely related to the standard of living of Ukrainian citizens. Therefore, under conditions of significant social strat-ification of Ukrainian society, a sharp decline in the level of security of the economically inac-tive part of the population, the problems of insufficient protection of the right to social securi-ty cause an urgent need for theoretical rethinking and comprehension of the legal content, making proposals that would contribute to a more effective provision of this right.

The purpose of this article is the methodological understanding of the foundations of the con-stitutional institution of parliamentary immunity, the characteristics of the constitutional models of this institution, and the clarification of problems arising in the process of the aboli-tion of parliamentary immunity and proposals for ways to solve them. Among the methods used to study this topic are: dialectical method, formalisation method, legal method, formal-legal method, hermeneutic method, logical-legal method, systemic, structural-functional method, axiomatic method, method of induction and deduction, method analysis and synthe-sis. The results of this article are clarification of the specific features of the institution of par-liamentary immunity in various European countries; establishing and analysing the main models of parliamentary immunity; study of the stages and procedure of cancellation of the immunity of deputies in Ukraine and determination of negative and positive aspects of such cancellation; carrying out a study of the specific features of the application of it in the activi-ties of parliamentarians.

The relevance of this study lies in the need for a thorough investigation of the judge’s right to judicial activism in case of disagreement or partial disagreement with a court decision, as a guarantee of the independence of their activities, as well as the definition of methods used up-on engaging in judicial activism, namely a logical or intuitive method, to establish the role and purpose of this institution in the legal system of Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to de-termine the role and purpose of the institution of “judicial activism” and to identify the meth-ods used to express a separate opinion in case of disagreement with the decision taken in the case. The methods used to investigate the subject include comparative method, legal recogni-tion method, dialectical method, formalisation method, logical legal method, historical meth-od, system method, axiomatic method, hermeneutical method, synthesis and analysis method, and others. During the study, the main concepts and terms used in this paper were defined; the study established the purpose and allocation of functions of the right to judicial activism as a guarantee of the independence of judge’s activities; determined the features of the institu-tion of judicial activism; studied the role of intuitive and logical methods in expressing a sepa-rate opinion in case of disagreement with the court’s decision; compared these methods and determined their features and their application when using the right to judicial activism. In addition, the author investigated the application of the right to judicial activism in courts of general jurisdiction, in the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and courts of international juris-diction, including the European Court of Human Rights; compared the use of logical and in-tuitive methods upon engaging in judicial activism; identified problems and contradictions in the use of these methods and identified their negative aspects. The provisions set out in this paper are of practical value for employees of judicial bodies, namely judges, in the perfor-mance of their professional activities.

The topic under study, namely the deterrent effect of the Ukrainian child labour legislation, is quite relevant today. This is conditioned by the fact that THE number of cases of using children as labour is constantly growing, which indicates a negative trend of violations of both children's rights and the Labour Code of Ukraine. This phenomenon is extremely negative for society, moreover, it has a detrimental effect on children, who are the future of the nation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyse the current legal norms regulating the protection of the rights of the child, in particular from their arbitrary violation in the labour sphere. In addition, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of their violations, to establish the main factors affecting this process, and to determine sanctions for such offences. To achieve this goal, various methods of scientific research were applied, in particular, both general and legal, since the subject of the study is legal. Theoretical methods are the method of logical analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, deduction, abstraction, and the analysis of scientific literature. The legal methods should include the method of content analysis, and the comparative and legal method. As a result, solid conclusions were obtained, consisting of a theoretical component, in particular, an analysis of regulations concerning child labour, and a practical one, in which the main causes and features of the above-mentioned norms were established. In future studies on this topic, it is necessary to identify gaps in the current legislation on children's rights, in particular in the field of labour, and, accordingly, to formulate ways to eliminate them. The practical value of this work lies in the fact that the analysis of the current legislation took place in comparison with foreign acts, therefore, it formed important recommendations that should be used in future rule-making activities to stop the violation of children's rights in the labour sphere.

The topic under study, namely the deterrent effect of the Ukrainian child labour legislation, is quite relevant today. This is conditioned by the fact that THE number of cases of using chil-dren as labour is constantly growing, which indicates a negative trend of violations of both children's rights and the Labour Code of Ukraine. This phenomenon is extremely negative for society, moreover, it has a detrimental effect on children, who are the future of the nation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyse the current legal norms regulating the protection of the rights of the child, in particular from their arbitrary violation in the labour sphere. In addition, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of their violations, to establish the main factors affecting this process, and to determine sanctions for such offences. To achieve this goal, various methods of scientific research were applied, in particular, both general and le-gal, since the subject of the study is legal. Theoretical methods are the method of logical anal-ysis, synthesis, comparative analysis, deduction, abstraction, and the analysis of scientific lit-erature. The legal methods should include the method of content analysis, and the compara-tive and legal method. As a result, solid conclusions were obtained, consisting of a theoretical component, in particular, an analysis of regulations concerning child labour, and a practical one, in which the main causes and features of the above-mentioned norms were established. In future studies on this topic, it is necessary to identify gaps in the current legislation on chil-dren's rights, in particular in the field of labour, and, accordingly, to formulate ways to elimi-nate them. The practical value of this work lies in the fact that the analysis of the current legis-lation took place in comparison with foreign acts, therefore, it formed important recommen-dations that should be used in future rule-making activities to stop the violation of children's rights in the labour sphere.

Come noto, l’art. 2697 c.c. esprime il regime legale di riferimento nell’allocazione del ‘rischio della mancata prova’, così introducendo a carico dell’attore l’onere di provare i fatti costitutivi del diritto fatto valere, gravando, invece, il convenuto di quello concernente i corrispondenti fatti impeditivi, modificativi ed estintivi. Obiettivo che ci si propone di conseguire è quello di cogliere le potenzialità recate da queste regole nel giudizio revocatorio, articolando l’indagine lungo due complementari traiettorie: la prima, relativa alla distribuzione dell’onere della prova; l’altra, orientata alla identificazione delle pertinenti tecniche e modalità per assolvervi.

Sebbene politica non solo recente potrebbe giustificare un processo alle intenzioni, si è rimasti da esse lontani per dovere scientifico e speranza civica. Ma ci si è comunque trovati vicini – più di quanto possa piacere – al timore che la gestione penale della comunità diventi un processo para-ideologico privo di dati empirici ed elaborazioni concettuali auspicati. La scienza della legislazione, il diritto penale, la sociologia sono solo alcuni approcci possibili che non dovrebbero essere rifiutati dalla criminologia: scienza multidisciplinare che trova identità nella funzione che persegue più che nei mezzi che utilizza.

Nel 1909, il giudice Vittore Teixeira de Mattos pubblicò un volume dedicato all'accusa parlamentare e alla responsabilità ministeriale e alle ipotetiche modifiche da apportare allo Statuto Albertino. La storiografia giuridica, forse per l'eccessiva mole dell'opera (quasi mille pagine), non ha dedicato molta attenzione a questo libro; l'indagine appare invece molto interessante sia per la passione dell'autore nell'affrontare il tema della ricerca, sia per l'interessante metodo di studio utilizzato contemporaneamente a una classificazione ea una comparativa. L'articolo ripercorre le pagine di Teixeira, ed evidenzia punto per punto le proposte de iure condendo avanzate dallo studioso poco più di un secolo fa.

Prendendo avvio dal case study rappresentato da una controversia sorta nel Canton Ticino tra un cittadino e l'amministrazione comunale per la proprietà di una strada, il presente articolo intende indagare il ruolo svolto dal diritto nella formazione di un nuovo concetto di spazialità e, quindi, il rapporto esistente tra la costruzione della statualità moderna e la gestione e trasformazione del territorio nella prima metà dell'Ottocento.
Una volta esaminata la disciplina legislativa ticinese in materia di viabilità, è in particolare la possibilità di attuare l'istituto dell'espropriazione forzata ad assumere un rilievo assolutamente significativo, in quanto il richiamo al concetto di pubblica utilità e il necessario equilibrio tra l'esercizio del potere e la garanzia della proprietà individuale iniziano in quest’epoca ad essere al centro di un discorso, che nei decenni successivi giocherà un ruolo crescente nella dialettica pubblico-privato.

The article deals with the Anglo-Saxon legal institution of 'whistleblowing', which has recently become part of the Italian legal system as well. This legal institute has become an effective tool in the fight against Vatican corruption and sexual abuse of minors or vulnerable persons in the Church. The institute of 'whistleblowing' has had echoes in Vatican and Canon Law with the enactment of the Law on Transparency in Public Finance Management of 26 April 2021 and with the new version of the Motu Proprio 'Vox estis lux mundi' of 25 March 2023. In the Church, the inclusion of the institute of "whistleblowing" therefore represents a high-performance legal tool for combating whistleblowing conduct, thanks to its operational mechanism that creates an optimal balance between protecting the whistleblower and guaranteeing the whistleblower.