ABSTRACT:
Describing the academic career, the research activities and the scientific works of the honoured
Scholar (Luigi Paolo Comoglio), this Introduction – through personal and deeply moved memories
and shared experiences of advanced studies, especially (but non only) in the field of the constitutional
guarantees regarding the access to civil justice and the right of defense – shortly analyzes the new
methodological approach, the comparative perspective, and the high scientific level of the School of
Procedural and Comparative Law, in Pavia, during the years 1960-1990, under Vittorio Denti’s direction
and supervision.
KEY WORDS: access to justice, right of action, right to invoke the jurisdiction of the courts, comparative
perspective, fair (or due) process of law, economy of trial.
ABSTRACT: With a wide (and friendly) description of the honoured Scholar’s judicial and academic career,
the Author emphasizes the great contribution to the progress of comparative and procedural sciences,
in the field of the constitutional guarantees concerning civil justice, that was offered by the School of
Procedural and Comparative Law in Pavia, directed by Vittorio Denti, especially in the years 1960-1990. The essay, also, underlines the great importance which, due to that contribution, was increasingly
acquired by the main subject matters dealt with (such as: due and fair process, contradictory
defense, effective remedies, inadmissibility of illegally obtained evidence, and so on).
KEY WORDS: civil justice and constitutional guarantees, right of action (id est: fundamental right to bring
an action and seek justice by legal process), right of action, illegally obtained evidence, economy of
trial, comparative and international perspective.
SOMMARIO:
1. La scuola pavese negli anni Sessanta: metodi, indirizzi di ricerca e l’avvio allo studio diLuigi Paolo Comoglio. – 2. La monografia sulle prove illecite nell’ordinamento angloamericano e
germanico, del 1966, il metodo comparatistico e le più recenti, attuali esperienze nel suo trattato Le
prove civili. – 3. Diritto processuale civile e costituzionale. Le garanzie nel processo. – 4. Continuità
e coerenza: dal Commentario alla Costituzione alle Lezioni sul processo civile. L’assistenza giudiziaria
ai non abbienti. – 5. L’interesse dell’Autore alle normative di dimensione europea. – 6. Auspici
per futuri studi.
ABSTRACT: Rules on admissibility of evidence of facts pertaining to substantive law belong to the same
field (substantive law). Restrictions in this subject are therefore as many restrictions of individual
rights. It follows that the constitutionality of said restrictions depends on the wideness of the constitutional
protection of same rights and not on the power (warranted it too by the Constitution) to
enforce them through judicial proceedings.
KEY WORDS: evidence of facts, restrictions, substantive law, constitutional rights.
ABSTRACT: This essay – dealing with the «principio del contraddittorio» and the judge’s related duties,
after the 2009 Reform – analyzes the constitutional relevance and the practical impact of the new
additional rule in the italian code of civil procedure (art. 101, subs. 2), according to which the deciding
judge, whenever he points out ex officio (namely: of his own motion) an issue (or a question)
never focused and discussed by the parties before, must afford them a previous contradictory debate,
under pain of nullity of the decision. In the Author’s opinion, the sanction of nullity wouldn’t be
considered as an absolute rule, but its application should be proportionated, every time, to the varying
measures of the harm really suffered by the parties’ rights of defense.
KEY WORDS: constitutional right of defense before tribunals and courts, judges’ powers to point out, of
their own motion, some decisive issues (or questions), never discussed by the parties, previous contradictory
debate, fair trial.
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: poteri officiosi e garanzie costituzionali nel giusto processo, ossia proporzionate
al caso concreto – 2. La peculiare nullità comminata dall’art. 101, comma 2, c.p.c…. – 3. …ed
il suo modo di operare – 4. Violazioni del contraddittorio «innocue» e «nocive» – 5. Il rilievo della
violazione del contraddittorio in fase di gravame: conseguenze – 6. L’art. 101, comma 2, c.p.c. ed il
primo grado di giudizio: carattere residuale dello strumento di recupero tardivo del contraddittorio
omesso – 7. Questioni rilevabili d’uffcio: il loro perimetro.
ABSTRACT: In this essay, the Author – describing his own judicial and academic career, with special reference
to his advanced studies, developed for about forty five years, in the field of the constitutional (and
european) protection, and mainly concerning the access to the courts, the parties’ contradictory rights
or the judges’ role in the trial’s direction – tries to draw up a short balance-sheet on the «fair process»
(«giusto processo», «equo processo») in italian civil justice. The obtained results, unfortunately, are
not satisfactory at all, because the «fair process» – due to the courts’ unbearable overload, to the heavy
litigation costs and the unreasonable time of the proceedings – is, in our judicial system, still so far,
as to look like a mirage in the desert, turning too often into a justice denial or a late remedy refusal.
KEY WORDS: fair process, fair trial, constitutional (and european) guarantees concerning civil justice,
access to the courts.
SOMMARIO:
1. Ringraziamenti e rilievi introduttivi. – 2. Ricordi e spunti tratti da personali esperienze. –
3. La concretizzazione in Italia delle garanzie costituzionali attinenti al «giusto processo». Illusioni,
delusioni e perduranti speranze.
ABSTRACT:
In modern age, according to continental tradition, Civil Procedure is not adversary, unsymmetrical,
framed by a inquisitorial structure, mastered by judge’s power. Napoleonic procedural system
influenced contemporary codifications and modern procedural doctrine. Now, the Due process
of law as ensured by Constitution, the international Conventions about process, the transnational
jurisdictions, involve a fair restatement for a parity model of process, a «neo-isonomic» procedure.
KEY WORDS: Civil Procedure, Due process of law, parity model of procedure.
SOMMARIO:
1. Introduzione al tema – 2. Lite e ordinamento – 3. Le Maximen nella dottrina moderna
– 4. La formazione del processo contemporaneo – 5. La codificazione napoleonica – 6. Il processo
sociale di Klein – 7. Legitimation durch Verfahren: il contraddittorio come elemento di compensazione
tra poteri del giudice e principio dispositivo alla luce dell’art. 24 Cost. – 8. Verso un assetto
«neo-isonomico» della giurisdizione.
ABSTRACT:
The pluralism of the sources of law together with the attribution of modern Constitutions
to multiply values and points of view seems to undermine the principle of legality in criminal law
matter. Also in this one other kind of legality can be found besides the legality to be found in general
statutory rules: the constitutional legality stemming from the Constitutional Court’s judgements, the
legality coming from ordinary courts’ and Supreme Court’s decisions, the conventional legality of the
European Courts. Therefore various subjects become sources of the rules beyond the statutory ones,
which, according to the Illuministic tradition, were the sole sources of the laws.
SOMMARIO: 1. Quale legalità penale per un diritto penale ancora delle garanzie. – 2. Costituzione, legislatore
e Corte costituzionale: esempi di legalità legale. – 3. La legalità costituzionale. – 3.1. La legalità
costituzionale attraverso le sentenze di accoglimento additive. – 3.2. Le sentenze interpretative
di rigetto: un altro modello di legalità costituzionale. – 3.2.1.I «rischi penali» dell’interpretazione
adeguatrice. – 4. La legalità giudiziale: Cassazione e giudici ordinari all’opera.
ABSTRACT: This study analyzes in what degree the work of Giacinto Dragonetti "Delle virtù e dei premi"
(1766) may be considered an imitation of the best known work "Dei delitti e delle pene" (1764) of
Cesare Beccaria, to which it has often been approached by publishers and critics.
SOMMARIO: 1. Beccaria e la tematica dei premi. – 2. Giacinto Dragonetti e Antonio Genovesi. – 3. Le
fortune editoriali del "Delle virtù e dei premi" e l’«operazione-ponte». – 4. Una sintesi del «libretto».
– 5. Dragonetti «imitatore» di Beccaria. – 6. Dragonetti pioniere del diritto premiale.
ABSTRACT: In this article the aims of the various legislative reforms in public employment over the the
last few years are analysed. After a brief summary of the rationale behind such laws, an evaluation is
offered of the solutions adopted by the so-called «Brunetta» law in order to verify to what extent it is
congruous with respect to the limits that have emerged in applying previous laws.
KEY WORDS: aims of the «Brunetta» law, collective bargaining, trade union relations in public employment.
SOMMARIO: 1. Finalità e limiti nelle riforme del lavoro pubblico. – 2. Riforma «Brunetta» e ruolo dei
soggetti delle relazioni sindacali.
ABSTRACT: The article deals with the relationship between the Italian trade union «CISL» and the evolution
of Italian labour law. After analyzing the history of post-war employment law in relations to the
positions of CISL, the Author suggests that the «new trade union» (il sindacato nuovo) has exerted a
considerable influence on important tenets of Italian employment law, like the conceptualization of
collective agreements and concertation. The Author concludes that the role of CISL in the evolution
of Italian labour law, albeit very important, is constantly downplayed because most legal scholars are
closer to the main trade union confederation, «CGIL».
KEY WORDS: trade union «CISL», evolution of labour law, history of CISL.
SOMMARIO: 1. Ipotesi di ricostruzione dei rapporti tra CISL e Diritto del lavoro. – 2. La nascita della
CISL e il Diritto del lavoro post-bellico. – 3. La coincidenza tra il Diritto del lavoro e le prime
elaborazioni della CISL: inattuazione costituzionale e modelli di transizione. – 4. La convergenza
sulla contrattazione collettiva. – 5. L’avversione alla legge sui licenziamenti. – 6. La tiepidezza verso
lo Statuto dei lavoratori. – 7. La legislazione di matrice sindacale e la concertazione. – 8. L’accordo
Ciampi. – 9. La CISL e la flessibilità. – 10. Gli enti bilaterali. – 11. Gli assetti contrattuali.
ABSTRACT: The study moves from the consideration of the significant role of political parties in the implementation
of democracy and under these premises it focalizes on the problem of the European Union
traditional democratic deficit reduction, monitoring the stage achieved in the process of consolidation
of an European structured party system, stable and autonomous from the national parties. In this perspective
it emphasizes the centrality of the parliamentary groups within the European Parliament in
the process of formation of real European parties, which can fulfill the role envisaged for them by the
Treaties, since the Maastricht one up to the most recent Treaty of Lisbon, to constitute key factors for
community integration, for formation of European political awareness and expression of European
citizen political will. Finally, the study reveals the boots given to the «institutionalization» of European
political line-ups by the approval of the regulations regarding the European political parties statute
and financing, approved in 2003 and amended in 2007, even though it realistically points out how
the elections of the European Parliament, in the short to medium term, will continue in essence to
be run by national parties, with all the inevitable and intuitable consequences which will be adverse
to the development of the European Union as a political community (and not just economic) as it has
been long desired by many parts.
KEY WORDS: political parties, European Union, democracy, integration, elections of Europarliament.
SOMMARIO: 1. La vita democratica dell’Unione ed il ruolo dei partiti politici europei. – 2. I partiti
europei tra previsione e attuazione. – 3. I prodromi dei partiti europei: federazioni transnazionali
e gruppi parlamentari. – 4. I criteri di formazione dei gruppi nell’europarlamento. – 5. La giurisprudenza
comunitaria sul requisito delle «affinità politiche». – 6. L’origine «interna» dei partiti
europei e le norme sul loro statuto e finanziamento. – 7. Nuove regole per i partiti europei e ulteriori
prospettive evolutive