Russian experience of tackling the poverty issue
Elena Sychenko
PhD, associate professor, Saint Petersburg State University
Marina Filippova
PhD, associate professor, Saint Petersburg State University
Russian experience of tackling the poverty issue*
Italian title: L'esperienza russa nell'affrontare il problema della povertà
DOI: 10.26350/18277942_000041
Sommario: 1. Introduction 2. The establishment of the minimum wage in Russia 3. Establishment of social security mechanism to suppress poverty 4. Conclusions.
- Introduction
Poverty has always been a crucial issue in the Russian history. After the fall of the USSR, the new Russian Constitution adopted in 1993 proclaimed Russia to be “a social state whose policy shall be aimed at creating conditions which provide for a dignified life and the free development of man” (article 7). Under part two of this article, in the Russian Federation the labour and health of people shall be protected, a guaranteed minimum wage shall be established, State support shall be provided for the family, maternity, fatherhood and childhood, for disabled and elderly citizens, the system of social services shall be developed and State pensions, allowances and other social security guarantees shall be established. Though the struggle with poverty is not directly mentioned it this article, the relevant commitment is clearly read between the lines. It should be borne in mind that Russian law does not use the term "poverty" to refer to citizens, replacing it with the term " low-income" or "indigent".
In the present paper the regulation of the minimum wage will be considered as a measure to prevent poverty (part 1). Only a worker who has fulfilled the full-time work can claim to be paid the minimum wage. Therefore, less than the minimum wage will be paid to a part-time worker, a worker who has faulty work or is suspended from work, who has been on unpaid leave, or who has been absent. In addition, the minimum wage does not take into account the worker's dependents, which requires expenses for their maintenance and as a consequence reduces the standard of living of the family. It should also be borne in mind that outside the sphere of social and labor relations there is a part of the population (informal workers, pensioners, children, the disabled). With respect to these groups it is also necessary to solve the problem of poverty prevention. Social security law is called upon to solve this problem. The relevant norms will be considered in part two of the paper.
- The establishment of the minimum wage in Russia
Under the recently introduced section to article 75 of the Constitution, the Russian Federation respects the labour of citizens and protects their rights. The state guarantees a minimum wage not lower than the minimum subsistence level of the able-bodied population in the Russian Federation. The link of the minimum wage to the minimum subsistence level is indeed the new line in the Constitution, though it has been present in the Labour Code since its adoption in 2001. It was one of the novelties of the Labour code as before that there were no legal links between minimum wage and minimum subsistence level and the former was calculated.
The long-awaited article 133 of the Labour Code stated that the minimum wage should be established simultaneously in the entire territory of the Russian Federation by federal law and may not be lower than the minimum subsistence level of the able-bodied population. However, this article did not come into force with the whole Labour Code (LC) in 2002. There was a special rule in article 421 of the LC, which stated that the procedure and terms for a gradual increase in the minimum wage to the amount of the minimum subsistence level of the able-bodied population, as well as the mechanism guaranteeing the payment of the minimum wage in this amount, shall be established by federal law. No such law was adopted until 2017.
Thus, despite the official link of the minimum wage to the minimum subsistence level in article 133 of the Labour Code, during 15 years there had been no such link in practice. The minimum wage was determined annually by the State Duma in the sum much lower than the subsistence level. The regulation in that period did not correspond to the principle of providing the wage which should ensure the decent life of an employee and his family solemnly stated in article 2 of the LC (general principles of the labour regulation). This general principle was adopted from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the provision of article 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ratified by Russia.
The situation changed in 2017 with the adoption of a “special law” aimed to bring the minimum wage to the level of subsistence level.[1]Starting from January 2018 and thereafter annually from January 1 of the respective year, the minimum wage should be set by federal law in the amount of the minimum subsistence level of the able-bodied population in the Russian Federation as a whole for the second quarter of the previous year.
To understand the practical outcomes of the linkage of the minimum wage with the subsistence level there is a need to explain the notion of the subsistence level. Under the legislation which was in force till 2021, subsistence minimum was the cost estimate of the consumer basket, as well as mandatory payments and fees. Consumer's basket was the minimum set of food, as well as non-food products and services, the cost of which is determined concerning the cost of the minimum set of food products, necessary to maintain human health and ensure their livelihood.[2]
The consumer goods basket should have been determined at least once every five years due to changes in the consumption patterns of low-income citizens, as well as the need to improve the quality of life of Russian citizens. The five-year consumer basket, which had been in effect since January 1, 2013, per Federal Law No. 227-FZ of December 3, 2012 "On the consumer basket in the Russian Federation as a whole", expired on December 31, 2017.
Instead of adopting a new consumer goods basket for the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation proposed extending the old consumer goods basket until 2020 inclusive, due to the need to bring the minimum wage to the subsistence level. It also refused to support legislative initiatives to review the consumer basket, proposed by some deputies, motivating it by the subsequent need of allocation of additional budget appropriations from the federal budget.[3]
Since 1 January 2021, the calculation of the minimum wage and the subsistence level has changed drastically. The norms on the consumer basket, which was used before for the calculation of the subsistence level, were abolished. Both sums are now determined based on the median salary.
According to the changes to the law on minimum wage, the minimum wage for the next year is established by federal law in the current year and is calculated based on the value of the median wage for the previous year. From 2021, the ratio between the minimum wage and the median wage is set at 42 per cent. The ratio of the minimum wage to the median wage is reviewed at least once every five years based on the conditions of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. The minimum wage for the next year shall not be lower than the minimum subsistence level of the able-bodied population in the Russian Federation for the next year and not lower than the minimum wage set for the current year.
Under the new norms on the subsistence level, this level is the minimum amount of a citizen's income necessary to ensure his or her livelihood. It is now determined based on the median salary. The ratio of the minimum per capita subsistence level in the Russian Federation as a whole to the median salary for the previous year shall be set at 44.2 per cent. Here there is a need to point that the establishment of the links between the minimum wage and the median salary is not bad per se, as it is the method used in some countries.
In developed economies, the ratio of minimum to median wages typically varies between about 35 and 60 per cent, with some clustering around 45–50 per cent and it is often higher in developing countries, where inequality is typically broader and where even median workers earn low wages.[4]
However, provided the evident trend of artificial curbing the subsistence level growth as pointed above, there is a huge risk that the per cent of the median salary fixed in the new law (42%) will very unlikely to be significantly increased in the nearest future. The experts assert that many other questions arise in this field: how the median wage will be calculated, what data will be collected and accumulated for this purpose. Because it is well known that a favorite pastime of the executive branch lately is playing with statistical data when all indicators are growing, but the quality of life of people is deteriorating.[5]
Summing up the new approach to the minimum wage it should be noted that the real subsistence level, ensuring the prevention of poverty, should at least reflect the sum needed for survival. The per cent of the median salary which is used now to determine the minimum wage and the subsistence level was calculated, supposedly, in a way to ensure that these sums will not increase the burden on the budget. After the changes to the way of calculation of the minimum wage, it increased only around 5%, while official inflation was 4,9 %.[6] It should be noted that the average salary is four times more than the subsistence level.[7]
The Preamble to the ILO Constitution of 1919 proclaims the urgency of improving conditions of labour through, among other measures, “the provision of an adequate living wage”. While there is no universally accepted definition of a living wage, the idea behind it is that workers and their families should at least be able to lead a simple but decent life considered acceptable by society, in light of its level of economic development.[8]Even though Russia did not ratify the Minimum Wage Fixing Convention (No. 131), the same obligation to ensure the wage not less than the cost of living might be found in other ratified treaties. ILO stated that effective wage-setting institutions help ensure a just and equitable share of the fruits of progress to all and that minimum wages should provide protection for wage earners against unduly low wages and as one element in a policy designed to overcome poverty.[9]
Speaking about the problem of the minimum wage it is worth mentioning that struggling poverty and ensuring decent work form part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) N 1 and N 8. Russia committed to achieve these goals. In order to be able to trace change each goal is divided to several targets, the indicators of progress are formulated for each target. It is interesting to note that none of the targets of the Goal N 1 or Goal N 8 directly mentions the need to establish adequate minimum wage.[10] However, the ILO Decent Work Programme, which was largely the source of inspiration for the evolvement of the SDG N8 (Decent Work), does include adequate earnings as one of the ten substantive elements of the decent work.[11] The lack of mentioning of adequate wage in the SDG agenda is a result of a compromise. The reflections over the need to ensure a living wage that can support a family to live in dignity might be found in the documents of the working group for SDG.[12]It was pointed in this document that a living wage should be calculated on the costs of a basket of goods that would include sufficient calories for a family (using the local dietary habits) and a similar amount for non-food costs including housing, clothing, energy and material goods. The reference to minimum or adequate or living wage in the SDG might attach more international attention to this problem in Russia and might have provided an additional argument for the trade unions.
Already mentioned article 7 of the ICESCR or article 4 of the European Social Charter do fix the obligation to ensure the right of workers to a remuneration such as will give them and their families a decent standard of living. The latter document is of particular interest in this context as the European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR) in its interpretation of article 4 stated that such remuneration should be in any case above the poverty line. The poverty line is 50 per cent of the national average wage. If the wage lies between 50 and 60 per cent of the national average wage, a State is asked by the ECSR to demonstrate that the wage is sufficient for a decent standard of living, for example, by providing detailed information on the cost of living.[13] If this method was used by the Russian legislator the minimum wage would be 2 times more than under the new rules. Russia did not ratify this particular clause of the article 4 of the ESC, this is why these positions of the ECSR cannot be referred to in Russia as binding.
However, there is another international instrument fixing the requirements for the minimum wage and which was ratified by Russia. Under article 7 of the 7 of the ICESCR states should ensure fair remuneration. The requirements to the minimum wage form part of the notion of fair remuneration. According to the General Comment of the N 23 adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 2016,[14] States parties should prioritize the adoption of a periodically reviewed minimum wage, indexed at least to the cost of living, and maintain a mechanism to do thisand ensure that workers, employers and their representative organizations participate directly in the operation of such a mechanism.
Under this General Comment, the minimum wage should be recognized in legislation, fixed with reference to the requirements of a decent living, and applied consistently. The ICESCR recognizes the general level of wages in the country, the cost of living, social security contributions and benefits and relative living standards as the elements to take into account in fixing the minimum wage. It also refers to the mentioned approach of the ECSR to this issue and proposes the opportunity to fix the minimum wage as a percentage of the average wage “so long as this percentage is sufficient to ensure a decent living for workers and their families”. Summing up the position of the ICESCR, the body competent to interpret the ratified by Russia Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, there is a need to underline the link of the minimum wage with the real cost of living in a country and the necessity to ensure the indexation of this sum according to the real inflation. Both requirements are not met in the Russian approach to the minimum wage.
- Establishment of social security mechanism to suppress poverty
Protection from poverty is one of the principles of the Russian social security law. It is manifested primarily in the rules establishing the sums of sickness benefit, the conditions of payments, and the types of social risks, the occurrence of which entitles to social security benefits. However, all other norms in this field are to a greater or lesser extent oriented towards overcoming poverty, and in this sense protection from poverty is not only a principle, but also a function of social security law and an objective of the social policy of the Russian state.
The subsistence minimum is the criterion used to assess the entitlement of the person to state support. If the income is below this level, the citizen (or family) is recognised as poor (though, as we mentioned before this word is not used in laws) and in need of support.
Contemporary Russian social security law presents two mechanisms aimed at implementing the anti-poverty principle.
The first mechanism is preventive and aims to prevent poverty. This is the establishment of a minimum amount of different social security benefits at the level of the subsistence minimum (or the minimum wage, since the latter cannot be lower than the subsistence minimum).
Thus, for quite a long time (practically until 1 April 2020) there was no minimum amount for temporary disability benefits to be paid in the event of illness, injury, caring for a sick family member in the legislation on compulsory social insurance. This approach was explained by the fact that insurance benefits are calculated on the basis of wages, which, according to labour legislation, cannot be lower than the minimum wage (provided, of course, that they are fully employed and the working conditions are met). This regulation was criticized by the European Committee of Social Rights which concluded that the situation in the Russian Federation was not in conformity with Article 12§1 of the European Social Charter on the grounds that the minimum level of sickness benefits and of the industrial accidents and occupational diseases benefits were inadequate.[15]
However, in the midst of the restrictive measures introduced as a result of the pandemic, a decision was taken to maintain the level of benefits for those who, on the basis of the system used to calculate benefits, were below the minimum wage. This applies to persons on low incomes jobs and those with little (less than 8 years) insurance period. Originally, the minimum benefit for temporary incapacity for work - the minimum wage for a complete calendar month - was provisionally introduced (for the period from 1 April to 31 December 2020) [16], but at the end of the calendar year this temporary measure was converted into a permanent norm.[17] Since the rules for the calculation of benefits for temporary incapacity for work also apply to the same benefits for occupational accidents and occupational diseases,[18] their beneficiaries are now also guaranteed a minimum amount of these benefits.
Another example can be found in the legislation on compulsory social insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases. The monthly insurance payment is one of the benefits granted to persons who have lost the ability to continue their previous work due accidents at work and occupational diseases. The purpose of the monthly insurance benefit is to compensate for the loss of earnings resulting therefrom; its amount is therefore linked to the amount of such earnings. However, in the case of minors (until 18 years old) at the time of granting the benefit, the situation may be as follows: because of their age their vocational training might have not yet been completed, and also their working hours should be reduced under article 271 of the Labour Code, thus their benefit in case of an accident at the workplace might have been much lower than the minimum wage if calculated on the basis of their salary. In view of this, the legislator has given them the additional guarantee - when calculating the monthly insurance amount, the general procedure for determining the amount of lost earnings applies, but the sum of earnings cannot be less than the amount of the subsistence minimum.[19]
However, there are situations where such a preventive mechanism is not established. In case of maternity allowance which is paid during one year and a half to people taking care of a child until he reaches the age of 1,5 years. This allowance is intended to compensate the loss of earnings during this period. Despite the total loss of earnings, the allowance is only 40%.[20] The minimum amount of this allowance is linked neither to the minimum wage nor to the minimum subsistence level; it is set as a fixed sum and currently stands at 60.9 per cent of the average per capita minimum subsistence level or 55.6 per cent of the minimum subsistence level of the able-bodied population, or 55.4 per cent of the minimum wage. Thus, persons who take this leave are placed by the legislator in a situation in which there is a very high risk of falling below the threshold established for recognizing them as low-income.
Here we need to mention a compensatory social security mechanism. The persons whose income, including social benefits, is lower than the subsistence minimum, are entitled to additional payments to ensure that their income reach the subsistence level. This mechanism is used quite frequently. Here are a few examples.
If the total sum of a pension of the not-employed pensioner living in Russia is less than the subsistence minimum, he gets a supplement to his pension.[21] The subsistence level for this purpose is fixed in accordance with a special procedure, taking into account regional differences in the level of subsistence minimum. According to the federal structure of Russia, there are two types of supplementary pension benefits: federal (if the subsistence level in a subject of the Russian Federation is lower than the subsistence level in Russia as a whole) and regional (if the subsistence level in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is higher than the subsistence level in Russia as a whole). Around 3.4 million people in Russia (or approximately 8% of all pension recipients)[22] receive supplementary social payments, including almost three million pensioners who have received federal social payments.[23]
The social support measures for families with children represent another example of compensatory social security mechanism. The government has recently paid special attention to this category of the population not only because of the special importance of families with children for Russia's demographic position, but also because the presence of children significantly influences the level of family expenses. According to Rosstat, 82.4% of poor families have children up to 16 (18) years of age; 28.5% of families with children up to 3 years of age and 17.3% of families with children up to 18 years of age are poor.[24]
The monthly child allowance was introduced for low-income families in 1995. From 1 January 2005 the authority to establish this benefit was transferred to the subjects of Russia.
On 1 January 2018, monthly payments were introduced for the first (using subventions to regional budgets from the federal budget) and second (using maternity capital) child, provided that the average per capita family income does not exceed the established value - initially 1.5 times, and from 1 January 2020 - twice the minimum subsistence level of the working-age population in the subject of Russia.[25] The payment is equal to the subsistence minimum for children in the subject of the Russian Federation. Experts are very critical of this way of establishing the eligibility criterion and the amount of payment, because the time lag between the moment when the subsistence minimum is calculated and the time of applying for the payment can be up to a year and a half, and during this period the financial situation of the family can change significantly. To a certain extent, this problem has also been alleviated by the changed procedure for determining the subsistence minimum, but it is still relevant for the amount of the payment.
The above payment is provided until the child reaches the age of three, and then the right to another payment may arise - for children from 3 to 7 years old.[26] The conditions and the amount of this benefit is determined by the subject of the Russian Federation, but the basic requirements for it are nevertheless defined at the federal level. The average per capita family income must not exceed the minimum per capita subsistence level established in the subject of the Russian Federation on the date of application for the payment. It is noteworthy that both benefits to the families with children have similar purpose of raising the level of income, but they have different eligibility criteria - the current and the deferred minimum subsistence level for a year and a half.
In March 2021, the procedure for determining the amount of the benefit was substantially revised, resulting in an increase for many families. If the initial amount - 50% of the subsistence minimum for children - is not enough to bring the average income per capita up to the subsistence minimum, 75% of the subsistence minimum for children will be paid and if that is still insufficient, 100% of the subsistence minimum will be paid.
The social benefit for low-income citizens and families is another way of social support for the poor. In 2020 the number of people with incomes below the subsistence minimum was 17.8 million, or 12.1% of the total population. With such a large number of low-income people, the development of an effective system of social support measures is crucial. An important element of this system is the system of the public social assistance on the basis of a concluded social contract, which guides citizens to take active steps to overcome the difficult living situation that has led to their poverty. The criterion of need in these cases is the minimum subsistence level in the subject of the Russian Federation. To be eligible the person has to have important reasons for the absence of a higher income, such as a serious illness, the existence of dependents of disabled family members, prolonged inpatient or outpatient treatment, inability to find work, including due to illness, despite the measures taken, care for the elderly, the disabled, a disabled child, unemployment, emergencies and accidents, etc. In the presence of these circumstances, the authorized agency, according to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, cannot refuse to provide a citizen with public social assistance, even if he is unable to submit the necessary documents.
Based on the analysis of social support measures for low-income citizens, we can conclude that a coherent and consistent system of social support measures aimed at overcoming poverty has not been formed in Russia. However, based on the Russian President's Address to the Federal Assembly on 20 April 2021, the Russian government should develop such a system, which aims to eliminate all the inconsistencies and gaps in the current legislation in this sphere.
- Conclusions
The Russian Federation has finally linked the level of the minimum wage with the subsistence level and has a very developed social security legislation. These measures are aimed at preventing poverty and supporting the poor. Since 2020 the regulation of illness benefits and benefits for occupational accidents and occupational diseases is more in line with the article 12 of the ESC as the minimum sum of the benefit is now fixed on the level of the federal minimum wage.
Even though the evident progress in the social security regulation might be noticed and the state is currently paying more attention to the support of the poor, particularly of the families with children, the sums of the benefits considered in this paper are very low to ensure the genuine support.
The new mechanism for the establishment of the minimum wage has the same shortcoming: it is linked to the percent of the subsistence level which was calculated without any connection to the current prices of the basic needs. The resulting sum cannot guarantee mere survival for a worker, while the state has an international obligation to ensure the decent life of an employee and his family. Thus, having an effective instrument for preventing poverty through the establishment of the adequate minimum wage, the State prefers to increase the social security benefits, which are still inadequate for the decent living but demonstrate the activities of the authorities in the social sphere.
Abstract: The fight against poverty is an important function of the Russian state. It is implemented by means of various branches of law, including labor law and social security law. The task of labor law is to prevent poverty. For this purpose, labor law enshrines the right of an employee to be paid at least the minimum wage. The approach of the state to establishing the minimum wage has repeatedly changed, from an arbitrary definition of this value to fixing it in an amount not less than the minimum subsistence level. The approach to determining the minimum subsistence level has also changed, from a monetary assessment of the cost of the consumer basket, which takes into account the physiological needs of able-bodied people, to the current level of median salary in the country. Considering Russian social security law, the legal structures that enshrine the criterion of need are discussed in this paper. The measures to ensure the support of the poor are divided into two groups: those aimed at preventing poverty, and those that reduce poverty that has already occurred. It is established in the conclusions that despite certain positive changes in Russian labour law and social security law during the pandemic the measures to prevent poverty and to support the poor do not ensure the decent living level.
Key words: poverty, minimum wage in Russia, subsistence level, social security, median salary in Russia.
* Il contributo è stato sottoposto a double blind peer review.
[1]Federal Law of 28 December 2017. N 421-FZ, available at: http://base.garant.ru/77662184/1cafb24d049dcd1e7707a22d98e9858f/#block_1, accessed 20.04.2021.
[2] See article 1 of the Federal Law No. 134-FZ "On Minimum Subsistence Level in the Russian Federation" adopted on October 24, 1997 (norms were in force till 31 December 2020).
[3] Conclusions of the Government of the Russian Federation on the draft federal law "On Amending Article 4 of the Federal Law 'On the Consumer Basket in the Russian Federation in General', submitted to the State Duma by State Duma deputy Y.E. Nilov. 05 April 2018. Available at: http://sazd.lenoblzaks.ru/SAZD/%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB/1340478/2588_1_18_02_0-PDF, accessed 20.04.2021.
[4] CEACR. General Survey of the reports on the Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970 (No. 131), and the Minimum Wage Fixing Recommendation, 1970 (No. 135). ILO. 2014.
[5] A. Trushin, With the new minimum wage! How the salaries and pensions of Russians will change. In Ogonyok magazine No.1 18.01.2021. Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4640749, accessed 20.04.2021. In Russian.
[6]https://www.vedomosti.ru/economics/news/2021/01/12/853807-inflyatsiya-v-rossii-v-2020-godu-stala-samoi-visokoi-za-poslednie-chetire-goda, accessed 20.04.2021.
[7] A. Duel, Rosstat: The Average Wage Grew by 6 Percent in 2020. In Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 18.02.2021 https://rg.ru/2021/02/18/rosstat-sredniaia-zarplata-vyrosla-v-2020-godu-na-6-procentov, accessed 20.04.2021. In Russian.
[8] CEACR. General Survey of the reports on the Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970 (No. 131), and the Minimum Wage Fixing Recommendation, 1970 (No. 135). ILO. 2014.Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_235287.pdf, accessed 20.04.2021.
[9] General Conference of the International Labour Organization. Resolution concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (labour protection). 2015. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_380781.pdf
[10] https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/
[11] ILO. Stock-taking of the ILO´s programme on measuring decent work. Decent Work Indicators and Decent Work Country Profiles. March 2014. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/documents/publication/wcms_312643.pdf
[12] Statement of the campaign for peoples goals and sustainable development to the fourth open working group session on sustainable development, 17-19 june 2013, New York. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/getWSDoc.php?id=3483.
[13] Council of Europe: Digest of the case-law of the European Committee of Social Rights, 2018, p. 85, https://rm.coe.int/digest-2018-parts-i-ii-iii-iv-en/1680939f80
[14] CESCR, General comment No. 23 (2016) on the right to just and favourable conditions of work (article 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5550a0b14.html
[15]ECSR. Conclusions 2017 - Russian Federation - Article 12-1 2017/def/RUS/12/1/EN.
[16] Art. 1 of Federal Law No. 104-FZ of 1 April 2020 "On peculiarities of calculation of temporary disability benefits and monthly payments in connection with the birth (adoption) of the first or second child.
[17] Article 4 of Federal Law No. 478-FZ of 29 December 2020 "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation
[18] Article 1, paragraph 2, of Federal Act No. 255 of 29 December 2006 on compulsory social insurance against temporary incapacity for work and in connection with maternity.
[19] Article 12.4 of Federal Act No. 125-FZ of 24 July 1998 on compulsory social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases.
[20] See Article 11.2 of Federal Act No 255 of 29 December 2006 on compulsory social insurance against temporary incapacity for work and in connection with maternity.
[21] Art. 12.1 of the Federal Law of 17 July 1999 No. 178-FZ on State Social Assistance
[22] Official website of the PFR, https://pfr.gov.ru/opendata/, accessed 7 May 2021.
[23] Official website of the PFR, https://pfr.gov.ru/opendata/~7706016118-surcharge, accessed on May 7, 2021.
[24] Official website of Rosgosstat, https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/13807, accessed on May 7, 2021.
[25] Art. / 2 of the Federal Law of 28 December 2017 No. 418-FZ 'On monthly payments to families with children
[26] Presidential Decree No. 199 of 20 March 2020 on additional measures of state support for families with children.
Filippova Marina
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