JUS - 2003 - 2

En el constitucionalismo de la segunda postguerra la dignidad de la persona se nos presenta como el nucleo axiologico constitucional. La Constitucion espanola de 1978 ofrece un buen ejemplo de ello al elevar en su art. 10.1 la dignidad a la categoriaa de «fundamento del orden politico y de la paz social» y, precisamente por ello, al rango de principio rector supremo del ordenamiento juridico. La dignidad debe traducirse en la libre capacidad de autodeterminacion personal, a la par que debe impedir hacer del hombre un objeto de la accion estatal. El art. 10.1 CE es un mandato juridico objetivo que a todos, poderes publicos y ciudadanos, vincula y que cumple una pluralidad de funciones: una funcion legitimadora de orden politico, una funcion promocional y una funcion hermeneutica. En el ordenamiento constitucional espanol, a diferencia del aleman, la dignidad no es un derecho fundamental; es mucho mas que eso por cuanto es la fuente de todos los derechos, pues en todos y cada uno de ellos, con distintos niveles de intensidad, se manifiesta un nucleo de existencia humana derivado de la dignidad de la persona. Dignidad y derechos no se hallan, consiguientemente, en el mismo plano, y ello se traduce en que mientras los derechos tienen lomites, pues no hay derechos absolutos, la dignidad se proclama como valor absoluto. La consecuencia de todo ello es que la dignidad, en su proyeccion sobre los derechos individuales, ha de permanecer inalterada cualquiera que sea la situacion en que la persona se encuentre, constituyendo, en consecuencia, un minimum invulnerable que todo estatuto juridico debe asegurar. Por ultimo, la dignidad ha venido a operar como un lmite frente al ejercicio abusivo de los derechos, habiendo de entenderse que cualquier violacion de la dignidad personal producida a raoz del ejercicio de un derecho convierte dicho ejercicio en abusivo, privando a quien asactua de toda cobertura constitucional o legal.

The essay analyzes the so called bilateral bodies, created by collective bargaining. After first experiences in the construction sector, where a body jointly directed by the unions and employers' association promotes professional training and grants social allowances to workers, now statutory law promotes bilateral bodies, giving them relevant tasks in protecting employees and also, following the indications coming from the 2001 Government White book, large scope in the managing of labour market.

The Author proposes a re-reading of the public administration and administrative justice's system pointing out the evolutive angles and the connected transformations. With regard to this matter he expatiates upon the relations between administration and legislation, upon the presupposition connected with the juridical organization, upon the personal rights and their protection within the constitutional law. The formal legality and the social reality of the administration, the subsidiarity, are fundamental passages of the Author's reflections.

The Author analyses the very important theme of the unlawful acquisition of the private ownership by Public Administration. Till the recent legislation on compulsory purchase, the regulation of the illegitimate coming into possession of private assets praxis has been left to jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the article 43th of the new legislation, far from putting an end the doctrinary discussion, gives rise to new problems.

This arcticle examinates the interpretation and enforcement of arct. §1 of the Lateran Concordat between the years from 1929 until the end of the Second World War. After a short foreword, Section 2 describes the genesis of this disposition, and its own interpretation by the Italian Government and the Holy See. Section 3 is about the interpretation of arct. par. 1 (particularly, it deals with Giacchi's, Schiappoli's, Falco's works). Section 4 describes the rule enforcement until 1940, and focuses on Hitler's visit to Rome in 1938. Section 5 analyses the 'sacred character' of Rome as intended by the French point of view expressed by their diplomatical papers issued during the Second World War. Sections 6 and 7 analyse the links between the arct. par. 1 of the Lateran Concordat, the Rome bombing by the Allies, and finally the declaration of Rome as «open city».

The European integration process, partly fulfilled and partly in progress, allows us to evaluate some relevant achievements, like as monetary and economic integration, a common pattern of values, the specification of common objectives, in and outside the Union. These significant goals request - to perform a more perfect integration process - that we unify the different routes developed, starting from the balancing between the reinforcement of the «European constitutional heritage» and the writing of a future European Constitution. The fundamental aim of that balancing should ease the development of a European identity and, on the other side, the incremental consolidation of common values, pursuing a virtuous logic which would be able to set peace, freedom, and solidarity as ultimate goals of the European law system, on the inner as on the outer side; it will make Europe, in the words of Pope John Paul, II «everybody's home, where no person neither people should feel excluded from».