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Taking Lliuya v. RWE as a starting point, the present contribution analyses the climate change litigation from a private international law perspective. In particular, it investigates which law applies to tortious actions brought against large polluters, such as the Global Carbon Majors, in front of courts of EU Member States. Because of the material and temporal scope of application of the Rome II Regulation, it is argued that cases relating to damage to the environment and to damage to individuals caused by continuous emissions which started before 11 January 2009 fall outside the scope of application of the Regulation. For both cases residual role is vested upon national conflict of law rules, which national legislators should align to their goals to combat climate change.

In this essay, after analytically reconstructing the evolution of the powers of repression of illegal buildings up to the current double-track (criminal and administrative) sanctioning system, the Authors highlight its most problematic aspects in the light of an honest reconnaissance of criminal and administrative courts’ rulings. In particular, the self-assigned power of the criminal judge to order the demolition of illegal buildings even if formally authorised is subject to criticism, especially in relation to some open problems that have not yet been sufficiently highlighted in the legal literature. Although aware of the difficulty of achieving a satisfactory balance between all the interests at stake, the Authors warn of the risk that the need to ensure effective protection of urban planning may compromise values that are just as fundamental, such as the principle of legality, the separation of powers and the legal certainty.

Taking as its starting point the proposed law aimed at toughening penalties for aggravated fraud against elder people, the Paper will investigate the various forms of economic abuse against the elderly in family and healthcare facility. In particular, the Author will examine the so-called romance scams and the crime of mistreatment, considering the difference with the crime of circumvention of an incapable person.

The article presents an analysis of the development of the public administration mechanism in Ukraine. It proposes a structured framework for creating an efficient public administration mechanism in Ukraine. The analysis highlights nine guiding principles for the formation of the public administration mechanism, including regularity, alternatives, purposefulness, dynamism, motivation, efficiency, flexibility, integrity, and continuity. Furthermore, the study delineates five areas of tasks: economic, political, legal, organizational, and motivational, each with specific objectives tailored to the post-war reconstruction and development of Ukraine. The constitutional framework of Ukraine is examined. The article recognizes the need for further research on localized contexts, implementation of Agile governance or program-oriented techniques, and enhancing the roles of the judiciary and legislature in the public administration mechanism.

The issue of the protection of personal data of religious nature possesses at least three characteristics: it is topical, fundamental, and complex.
The issue of personal data protection, especially when read in the prism of the interactions between the state order and the confessional order, belongs to the present time for two reasons.
Firstly, and immediately, because the whole matter has been rearranged by EU Regulation 2016/679 (henceforth GDPR or European Regulation) concerning the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and to the free movement of such data. The Regulation, repealing Directive 95/46/EC, became definitively and directly applicable in the member states of the European Union on 25 May 2018[1].
It is therefore a question of a new discipline which, as such, needs careful hermeneutical scrutiny.
Secondly, the topicality of the subject emerges, indirectly,from the fact that the problem of the meaning of legal categories similar or overlapping with that of data protection,such as secrecy and confidentiality, recur recently in relations between Church and States. I refer to state attempts to ignore the ecclesial discipline of the confessional seal and ministerial secrecy to prevent or repress sexual abuse of minors, as well as to requests for access to confidential canonical documents presented by civil judges to confessional authorities[2].
There is, therefore, an objective need to define the inter-ordinal declinations of figures that share a direct or indirect affiliation to the semantic area of confidentiality.
This appears even more evident or understandable if we look at the second characteristic of the data protection theme: fundamentality.
To tell the truth, in the legal system of the European Union the protection of personal data is the object of a right. Right established, respectively, by art. 8 of the Charter of Nice, by art. 16 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and by art. 1 of the GDPR which, in addition to reaffirming the right of every person to the protection of personal data concerning him or her, explicitly qualifies this right as fundamental[3].
This gives rise to two logical corollaries: the undisputed obligation for the Member States of the Union to guarantee individuals the protection of their personal data; the need to achieve this protection in a proportional manner, i.e. reconciling the data protection with other equally fundamental rights- including the right to religious freedom- as moreover sanctioned by the GDPR itself in the "Recital" no. 4[4].
Again, the subject of personal data, especially when related to the religious phenomenon, is structurally complex and not easy to interpret and apply. And this, first, because its juridical structure derives from a multiplicity of sources: European law, national laws, confessional rules and, therefore, from the peculiar power relations amongthese sources and from their evolution.
Now, having set these very general coordinates, this contribution intends to define the subject of data protection from a specific perspective, looking at the Italian experience with particular reference to the action of the Catholic Church and the declination of data protection within the peculiar dynamics of coexistence between canonical and state regulations.
The aim is to offer a reconstructive framework from which to draw elements of reflection for a partial evaluation of the GDPR six years after its definitive and direct applicability in the countries of the European Union.

Il saggio studia alcuni documenti sacerdotali provenienti dagli archivi degli àuguri, appare evidente che le testimonianze degli autori antichi sul tema della dittatura siano sempre concentrate a far emergere elementi di carattere religioso strettamente collegati alle origini di questa magistratura.
Dai passi analizzati, appare chiaro che questa magistratura abbia avuto in generale, fin dalle origini, una spiccata connotazione religiosa, anche se non può essere accolta la concezione di chi, come il Magdelain , ritiene esistente «una derivazione del potere dittatoriale direttamente da Iuppiter, evidenziando un “parallèle” tra la dictio dictatoris e l’inauguratio del rex sacrorum e dei flamini maggiori» , poiché basata solo su ragionamenti che esulano dal dato più propriamente giuridico, intravvedendo nel potere del dictator solo una derivazione di tipo religioso .
Così come emerge dai testi esaminati in questo contributo, che riportano le notizie di un tempo ancestrale della dittatura, la nomina del dictator rappresentava un evento assai importante per i ritmi di vita della città antica, incidendo inevitabilmente anche nei confronti degli aspetti più propriamente religiosi della civitas, con un coinvolgimento attivo dei collegi sacerdotali, ed in maniera più specifica di quello degli àuguri.

Una lettura attraverso quattro chiavi interpretative. Nota a Thomas Casadei, Gianfrancesco Zanetti (a cura di), Manuale multimediale di Filosofia del diritto,
Giappichelli, Torino, 2022, pp. 496

L’Italia è ricchissima di edifici di culto (cattolici in gran parte ma non solo), tanto che ogni città vanta di solito, da questo punto di vista, un patrimonio immobiliare, culturale e artistico di pregio. Negli ultimi decenni si è assistito, per cause prevalentemente economiche ma non solo, ad una situazione di abbandono di questi luoghi di culto che per secoli hanno rappresentano centri di aggregazione e di formazione di identità culturali e che oggi rischiano di disperdersi insieme con gli edifici che ne hanno rappresentato la manifestazione e il simbolo più significativi.
Questi luoghi non dovrebbero essere dati via senza le dovute cautele perché sono memoria di un passato condiviso, rappresentano spazi di vita inclusivi e anche virtuosi dal punto di vista estetico ed hanno un potente linguaggio comunicativo, capace di trasmettere non solo emozioni e memoria ma anche tecniche costruttive che, adottate nella nostra contemporaneità, possono essere molto utili nel contesto di una ricercata sostenibilità sociale e climatica. La loro dismissione priva di cautele, o addirittura incontrollata, rischia di far perdere queste importanti caratteristiche e potenzialità.
Ragioni connesse alle circostanze storiche, geografiche e culturali hanno, infatti, spesso compromesso un’immensa eredità culturale le cui tracce, in molti casi, sono state anche definitivamente cancellate per dare spazio ad altri paradigmi culturali. Per tutti questi motivi il tema del riuso degli edifici di culto, una volta cessata la destinazione originaria e la conseguente individuazione di un diverso uso profano “non indecoroso”, implica l’esigenza di una riflessione scientifica multidisciplinare al fine di definire, in aperto confronto con le comunità locali interessate, modelli di trasformazione sostenibili, ispirati a processo di rigenerazione, in linea con i principi di economia circolare e con l’odierno assetto multiculturale delle città.
Ne Il fu Mattia Pascal Pirandello riesce a cogliere l’essenza del problema e a rappresentare situazioni complesse e delicate nonché ancora oggi attuali.
Quella biblioteca nella chiesetta sconsacrata che, stilisticamente, costituisce la cornice della narrazione di cui è protagonista un uomo divenuto estraneo alla vita e delegato al racconto di essa, diventa il paradigma di una realtà incompresa ed incomprensibile per la comunità locale.
Quell’originale cronotopo che rappresenta uno spazio fuori dello spazio e un tempo fuori del tempo, dove il protagonista “defunto” scrive la sua storia, diventa il ritratto del tempo attuale.
E quella comunità che non apprezza la biblioteca e che non sa perché la chiesetta è stata consacrata diventa il simbolo della società odierna, una società che ha perso o forse – addirittura – dimenticato i suoi valori e, assieme ad essi, il cuore, l’essenza, l’importanza dei luoghi che quei valori hanno sempre incarnato ed incentivato.

The problems of access to justice and the burden on the judiciary remain one of the
priorities of judicial reforms in different jurisdictions today. The causes of the crisis in the
functioning of the judicial system are characterised by significant similarities in most countries of
the world, but the approach to solving such a crisis, applied in the implementation of judicial
reform in China, was truly a breakthrough in nature. This fact and the fact that the speed of
development of the latest technologies determines the need to discuss the digitalisation of courts
as an ongoing process, defining the necessity of the study of foreign experience. The research aims
to examine the establishment of the Smart Court system in China and determine, based on Chinese experience, the advantages, and risks of the digitalisation of the court system. Various
methods of scientific research (analysis, synthesis, comparative-legal, prognostic, historical) are
used to study the prerequisites of creation and the process of formation of the Chinese Smart
Court system characteristic of the Chinese judicial system, to identify its main stages, to determine
the positive and negative consequences of the introduction of the Smart Court system for the
implementation of justice and its impact on the functioning of the justice system. Based on the
study, risks of technical, organisational, social, and political nature are highlighted. The risks
specific to the Chinese justice system are highlighted. Assessments of the digitalisation of the
judicial system expressed in the legal literature are studied. It is proposed to distinguish between
technical and intellectual levels of digitalisation. As a result of the study, the author defines the
criteria that can be used in practice when making decisions in the field of digitalisation of the
judicial system: minimising the influence of the human factor on the functioning of the code,
independence of judges in decision-making, including from the opinion of artificial intelligence,
taking measures to reduce the digital divide.